The Ottoman Turks and Safavids fought over the fertile plains of Iraq for more than 150 years. Shi'a's sacred sites were much closerin Iraq, captured by the Safavids in 1623 (but surrendered again to the Ottomans in 1639). This left room for invasion by outside enemies, which is exactly what happened in 1722 when the Afghan army besieged the capital of Isfahan. To populate his new capital, Abbas ordered several different populations to settle in it, including Armenians, Jewish people, Circassians, and other Caucasian peoples, many of whom had been displaced during his war against the Ottomans in their homelands. However, Safi al-Dins great-grandson Junayd made several changes to the orders doctrine, adopting specifically Shia ideas. } His painting and calligraphic style influenced Iranian artists for much of the Safavid period, which came to be known as the Isfahan school. The Safavids are therefore widely known for bringing this historic change to the region. Shah Ismail, who saw himself as infallible and semidivine, believed his strong religious convictions had won him the Iranian throne, and he used his political and military authority to impose his religious ideology on the country (Figure 4.23). The Safavid concept of kingship, combining territorial control with . As Tahmasps royal studio was to painting, Abbass capital at Isfahan was to architecture. Tahmasp faced several challenges at home and abroad, however. They wanted to spread "Shiism by military means." They viewed the leader of the Empire with reverence, and they. Shiisms rise created a new religious hierarchy in Iran. The two states finally laid down arms and declared a peace that lasted more than thirty years. But there was little public enthusiasm, and after his death most who had claimed to adopt Sunnism during his reign quietly reverted to Shiism. (credit: Armenian Frescoes by David Stanley/Flickr, CC BY 2.0), This detail of a sixteenth-century miniature by the Persian artist Farrukh Beg shows Shah Tahmasp, who was a great patron of the arts. The Safavid empire was founded by the Safavids.They became a centralized government. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. citation tool such as, Authors: Ann Kordas, Ryan J. Lynch, Brooke Nelson, Julie Tatlock, Book title: World History Volume 2, from 1400. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Between 1508 and 1524, the year of Ismail's death, the shah appointed five successive Persians to the office of vakil. 4, p. 14. In all three the ruling dynasty was Islamic, the economic system was agrarian, and the military forces were paid in grants of land revenue. He expanded commercial links with the English East India Company and the Dutch East India Company. Safavid Iran - Wikipedia Fresco, c. 1597 C.E., Ali Qapu Palace (photo: The palaces of the Safavid era, such as the, Shah Mosque (Royal Mosque), Isfahan, Iran, begun 1611 (photo: Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0). At the time, he governed only Azerbaijan and part of the Caucasus. It became more identifiably Shi'a in its orientation around the year 1400. Second, it brought the royal workshops closer to the silk route, making it easier for the Safavids to control the sale of Persian silk. Despite near-constant war, during this time Iran reached new cultural and economic heights. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The subjects, even if they sponsored the work, are generally idealized rather than actual persons. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. (c) - PERSIAN LITERATURE IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD - Cambridge Core [5] In addition to that, the Safavids' power base included largely Turkic-speaking warrior tribes from Azarbaijan and Anatolia, who were collectively known as the Kizilbash, and were, at certain points in time, the de facto rulers of the empire. The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I ( CC BY-SA 4.0) The Safavids were a dynastic family that ruled over modern-day Iran. The Safavids, an introduction (article) | Khan Academy The Safavid Empire: Creation, Rulers, Characteristics & Shi'ism The Safavids also staged incursions into eastern Anatolia; these triggered a conflict with the Ottoman Empire that continued for the length of the Safavids reign. The Sunni scholars, called Ulama (from alim, knowledge), were either killed or exiled. The capture of Baghdad by Ismail I in 1509, was only followed by its loss to the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534. Nevertheless, Safavid rulers were aggressive toward the Armenians, Georgians, and other Christians in the Caucasus region, whom they considered potentially rebellious. Culture flourished under Safavid patronage. READ: Mughal Empire (article) | Khan Academy Immediately after Nadir Shah's assassination in 1747, the Safavids were re-appointed as shahs of Iran in order to lend legitimacy to the nascent Zand dynasty. (credit: Abbas I of Persia by Unknown/TRAJAN 117/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain), The Shah Mosque, built by Abbas I, is located on the south side of, In this image from a Persian history of his reign written about 1650, the Safavid ruler Shah Ismail (dressed in white) stands on the steps of a mosque prior to his coronation, having the sermon read in the name of the Twelve Imams and effectively declaring Shiism to be the state religion of Iran in 1501. The Safavids were poorly armed, while the Ottomans had muskets and artillery. Sunnis who resisted conversion but remained in Iran faced death. inch), 153940 C.E., Tabriz, Kashan, Isfahan or Kirman, Iran, (now at the Victoria & Albert Museum; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0). This came after a wave of New York exhibitions dedicated to Persian art and culture in 1934, during the millenary celebration of the birth of Firdausi (the author of the previously discussed. Safavid Persia had a succession of capitals: for the capital was where the shah and his entourage happened to be. Presently, there is a community of nearly 1.7 million people who are descendants of the tribes deported from Kurdistan to Khurasan (Northeastern Iran) by the Safavids. 20th and Pattison, Philadelphia (, The Safavids established an artistic identity that resonated with the dynasties that came after. The Shia believe Ali, who finally succeeded Uthman to become the leader of the Muslim community in 656, was the first legitimate imam, the title they give their spiritual leader rather than caliph. They view the line of Muhammad that descends through Ali and his wife Fatima, Muhammads daughter, as the only source of definitive religious guidance. This strengthening of direct ties between the ulama and the people, and the separation of the religious establishment from the state, is believed to be one of the reasons Shiism long outlasted the Safavid era. Bureaucracy and landed class who were considered the middle classes. The political structure of the Safavid Empire was structured like a pyramid with the Shah at the very top of the pyramid, similar to a pope. The Safavid family later claimed that Safi al-Din was descended from the Prophet through Muhammads daughter Fatima and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Iskander Beg Monshis History of Shah Abbas the Great, written a few years after its subject's death, achieved a nuanced depth of history and character. Following the conquest of Iran, Ismail I made conversion mandatory for the largely Sunni population. Safavid miniatures are highly prized today; some of the best examples have sold for millions of dollars at auction. Tahmasps grandson Abbas I, generally considered the strongest Safavid shah as well as one of the greatest rulers in Iranian history, found himself compelled to take up arms once again (Figure 4.21). Shah Soltan Hosein tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects in eastern Iran from Sunni to Shi'a Islam. Like the Ottomans and Mughals, the Safavids developed a powerful military, ran a strong and well-organized central state, and fostered a climate in which artistic and intellectual culture flourished. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It was perhaps to perpetuate the distinction of Persian from Arabic culture that attracted the Iranians towards Shi'a Islamthe heartland and sacred sites of Sunni Islam would always be in the Arabian peninsula. In 1501, the Safavid Shahs declared independence when the Ottomans outlawed Shi'a Islam in their territory.

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