Terraciano, Kevin. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. From that misperception the Spanish called the indigenous peoples of the Americas, "Indians" (indios), lumping a multiplicity of civilizations, groups, and individuals into a single category. The Spanish had mixed-race children in the Americas with enslaved Africans and Native Americans. [98][99] The history of the Guaran has also been the subject of a recent study. During the Bourbon era, even when the crown systematically appointed peninsular-born Spaniards to royal posts rather than American-born, the cabildos remained in the hands of local elites. The Conquest of Michoacn: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 15211530. The Spanish royal government called its overseas possessions "The Indies" until its empire dissolved in the nineteenth century. 5, pp. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. The Spanish conquistadores and colonial empire - Khan Academy In Mexico, refining took place in haciendas de minas, where silver ore was refined into pure silver by amalgamation with mercury in what was known as the patio process. The Spanish moved into the Americas with a lust for wealth. Cane sugar imported from the Old World was a high value, a low bulk export product that became the bulwark of tropical economies of the Caribbean islands and coastal Tierra Firme (the Spanish Main), as well as Portuguese Brazil. Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the . Neither was effective in its purpose. Collier, Simon. The reorganization of administration has been called "a revolution in government. Peru was the last territory in the continent under Spanish rule, which ended on 9 December 1824 at the Battle of Ayacucho (Spanish rule continued until 1898 in Cuba and Puerto Rico). Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. Among the most notable expeditions are Hernando de Soto into southeast North America, leaving from Cuba (153942); Francisco Vzquez de Coronado to northern Mexico (154042), and Gonzalo Pizarro to Amazonia, leaving from Quito, Ecuador (154142). [25][26][27][28] Not until the conquest of the Incan Empire, which used similar tactics and began in 1532, was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scale of either territory or treasure. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. Powers, Stephen. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. Tribute goods in Mexico were most usually lengths of cotton cloth, woven by women, and maize and other foodstuffs produced by men. [15], Spaniards spent over 25 years in the Caribbean where their initial high hopes of dazzling wealth gave way to continuing exploitation of disappearing indigenous populations, exhaustion of local gold mines, initiation of cane sugar cultivation as an export product, and forced migration of enslaved Africans as a labor force. Where the Spaniards had exclusive access to horses in warfare, they had an advantage over indigenous warriors on foot. "Peace by purchase" ended the conflict. The New Laws of 1542 were the result, limiting the power of encomenderos, the private holders of grants to indigenous labor previously held in perpetuity. 142-43. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. He wrote many petitions, treatises, and books on the subject of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.His most famous works included the Historia apologtica (Apologetic History) and the Brevsima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias (A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies).The former was written as an introduction to a proposed . Corregimiento expanded "royal authority from the urban centers into the countryside and over the indigenous population. They were referred to as Espaoles and Espaolas, and later being differentiated by the terms indicating place of birth, peninsular for those born in Spain; criollo/criolla or Americano/Ameriana for those born in the Americas. Q1: Option B. St. Augustine was the name of the first Spanish colonial settlement in Florida. Denial of atrocities against indigenous peoples - Wikipedia [125], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. In Peru, Spaniards founded the city of Lima as their capital and its nearby port of Callao, rather than the high-altitude site of Cuzco, the center of Inca rule. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumrraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. He strongly influenced the formulation of colonial policy under the Catholic Monarchs, and was instrumental in establishing the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) (1503), which enabled crown control over trade and immigration. The Spanish conquest. They preferred wheat cultivation to indigenous sources of carbohydrates: casava, maize (corn), and potatoes, initially importing seeds from Europe and planting in areas where plow agriculture could be utilized, such as the Mexican Bajo. Although during the rule of Charles V, the Spanish Empire was the first to be called "The empire on which the sun never sets", under Philip II the permanent colonization of the Philippine Islands made it demonstrably true. During a financial crisis in the late seventeenth century, the crown began selling Audiencia appointments, and American-born Spaniards held 45% of Audiencia appointments. The two major colonial powers in Latin America were Spain and Portugal.. Spaniards established a network of settlements in areas they conquered and controlled. [72] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. "Questionnaires from the Trial of the Second Marqus del Valle for Conspiracy, 1566" in, Fernndez de Recas, Guillermo S. Cacicazgos y nobiliario indgena de la Nueva Espaa. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. - New Mexico is established as a Spanish Colony.-Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len explored Florida. [39] Puerto Rico was also colonized by the Spanish during this era, occasioning the earliest contact between Africans and what would become the United States (via the free Black conquistador Juan Garrido). [71], As the basic political entity it was the governorate, or province. The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. One was by Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba in 1517, another by Juan de Grijalva in 1518, which brought promising news of possibilities there. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. [16][17] [81] In Mexico, Don Martn Corts, the son and legal heir of conqueror Hernn Corts, and other heirs of encomiendas led a failed revolt against the crown. Silver was the bonanza the Spaniards sought. Direct link to dcervante0051's post what were the spanish ast, Posted 5 years ago. [Chile] has four months of winter, no more, and in them, except when there is a quarter moon, when it rains one or two days, all the other days have such a beautiful sunshine Chile was explored by Spaniards based in Peru, where Spaniards found the fertile soil and mild climate attractive. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. With the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires, large numbers of Spaniards emigrated from the Iberian peninsula to seek their fortune or to pursue better economic conditions for themselves. Cline, and Javier Pescador, Cook, David Noble. A drawing depicting Malintzin translating for Cortez and Aztes. Inquizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet The diocese was in turn divided into smaller units, the parish, staffed by a parish priest. The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. God, Gold, and Glory. Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain.

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